SAND FILTRATION
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SAND FILTRATION
Sand filtration is used for the removal of suspended matter, as well as floating and sinkable particles. The wastewater flows vertically through a fine bed of sand and/or gravel. Particles are removed by way of absorption or physical encapsulation. If there is excessive pressure loss on the filter, it must be rinsed.
A distinction can be made between continuous and discontinuous filters. In continuous filters (often upward-flowing filters), the polluted sand is removed, rinsed and re-used continuously, without interrupting the filtration process. Discontinuous filters (often downward-flowing filters) are stopped, and a rinse takes place in the opposite direction. Air bubbles are blown into the sand bed to make it swirl around. Filtered water then flows through the filter bed in the opposite direction. The polluted matter is released and flows away along with the rinse water. The filtration process can then resume.
The yield of a sand filter is determined by two sand filter functions, namely surface filtration and depth filtration. Surface filtration involves collecting the particles above the filter bed. These particles jointly form a macro-porous lump, which is able to collect new particles in a very effective manner. Depth filtration generally involves smaller particles that are more difficult to collect, and which are bound to the sand particles by adsorption. Dirt from surface filtration is easier to remove during reverse rinsing compared to dirt from depth filtration.
Advantage Sand Filtertion
The main benefit of a sand filter is the simple system which, in many cases, can be used to obtain considerable yields. A sand filter can be placed in various phases of water management – as a pre-treatment, as side-stream filtration and as a polishing filter. A sand filter often provides an effluent with potential for re-use.
Disadvantage Sand Filtertion
A disadvantage of sand filtration is the rinse water that is created when the sand filter is cleaned. This heavily polluted water must be treated and disposed of. To limit the load on the filter, a preliminary sedimentation step is implemented for heavily loaded wastewaters (a lot of suspended and sinkable matter). This helps to avoid repetitive re-rinsing of the filter.
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